Buyers of CDS on Europcar were expecting a payout to compensate them for the company failing to honour its debt. But an auction held on Wednesday to determine the level of award left them with nothing.

The farce marks the latest in a string of mishaps that have undermined confidence in CDS — derivatives that are intended to act like insurance against a borrower reneging on its debts.

With corporate collapses expected to pick up across Europe this year, as widespread government support schemes come to an end, the incident exposes the pitfalls for debt investors looking to protect themselves against losses.

Europcar defaulted on its debt as part of a financial restructuring struck at the end of last year. Less than $100m of CDS is directly tied to the company but the shock resolution to the CDS claims triggered a sharp move in the iTraxx Crossover index that is widely used as a credit hedging tool.

The problem stemmed from the terms of Europcar's restructuring, which meant that most holders of its €1bn bonds were restricted from trading, preventing the debt from being included in the crucial auction that determined the swap payout.

This wrongfooted many investors and traders, who had earlier expected technicalities to play in their favour and result in a larger than typical payout.

"This is a textbook short squeeze," said Jochen Felsenheimer, a managing director at XAIA Investment.

Rather than offering investors a predetermined payout, CDS are designed to compensate holders for their expected loss on the defaulted bonds. Big banks that trade these derivatives, such as JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank, hold an auction to determine this payout.

In the first round of the Europcar auction, the rental car group's bonds were valued at 73 cents on the euro, which would have resulted in a 27 per cent payout to CDS holders. But the restricted supply of tradable debt meant there were more buyers than sellers in the second round, cutting compensation to nil. The outcome is particularly galling for investors that placed bets last year that Europcar's swaps would result in relatively high payouts. This was because, unusually, a €50m loan Credit Suisse provided to Europcar in 2019 was eligible for the CDS auction, which could have resulted in a higher payout.

But a group of hedge funds driving Europcar's restructuring, such as King Street Capital and Anchorage Capital, bought this loan from Credit Suisse in October, according to people familiar with the matter, meaning it was also subject to the trading lock-up.

While there was still more than enough debt outstanding to settle the swaps properly, not enough holders ultimately sold their bonds into the auction.

The farce marks the latest in a string of mishaps that have undermined confidence in CDS